This chapter is constantly being updated by the analytics consultants at Supertype to stay current with the latest trends in enterprise data management. Please check back regularly for updates.

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The Enterprise Analytics Landscape

Today’s enterprise analytics landscape is characterized by a diverse array of data sources. Organizations now deal with data from cloud platforms, on-premises databases, big data systems, IoT devices, social media, and more. An interesting case study I like to point to is BCA (Bank Central Asia), a leading bank in Indonesia. Their customer hotline service, known as Halo BCA, receives inbound enquiries from more than 110,000 customers daily1, most of it via phone calls but also through email and social media. BCA enlist the help of data solutions to launch VIRA2, an AI chatbot available on Facebook Messenger, LINE messenger and WhatsApp that can answer customer queries with an emphasis on speed and accuracy. Defying most conventional definitions of banking operations, these services are examples of how varied and heterogeneous enterprise data management has become. Just 10 years ago, one wouldn’t consider a scenario where financial institutions and banks would have to architecturally provision for these varied forms of data sources, from audio recordings of phone calls, to text messages on social media and chatbots. In the following subsections, we will take a closer look at the key components that make up a modern enterprise data management system, with practical examples sprinkled throughout to illustrate how these components are applied in real-world scenarios. By the end of the lesson, you should have a good understanding of the overarching principles of enterprise data management, and how these principles translates to the design and implementation of effective processes that support analytics adoption in organizations.

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Modern Enterprise Data Management

Enterprise Data Management is a set of processes, policies and technologies that enable organizations to precisely define, easily integrate and effectively retrieve data for both internal applications and external communication. It encompasses the full lifecycle of data management, from data creation and capture, to data storage, retrieval, and analysis.
Enterprise data management (EDM) is the process of inventorying and governing your business’s data and getting your organization onboard with the process. In other words, EDM is as much about managing people as it is about managing data. Data management means making sure your people have the accurate and timely data they need, and that they follow your standards for storing quality data in a standardized, secure, and governed place.— Tableau
Data management is the practice of collecting, organising, managing, and accessing data to support productivity, efficiency, and decision-making.— SAP
  1. Connect disparate enterprise applications
  2. Model changes to enterprise master data elements
  3. Coauthor changes in real time
  4. Engage stakeholders with adaptive inference workflows
  5. Rationalize differences across business perspectives
  6. Distribute changes to consuming users and applications
  7. Audit data and metadata changes
— Oracle Enterprise Data Management
As seen above, vendors and solution providers have varying definitions of what constitutes enterprise data management, and what its objectives are. Through its various engagements with Indonesia’s leading enterprises, Supertype has distilled a set of key objectives and key components that are common across these many definitions, and are essential to the overarching goal of enterprise data management, irrespective of vendor-specific applicability.

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Objectives of Enterprise Data Management

The good of a good enterprise data management system is to provide a single source of truth that where its data is trusted to be accurate, consistent, and up-to-date. When organizations like Bank BCA make data management a priority, users in their organization benefit from:
  • Accuracy: They trust that the data they’re using is correct, and when surveyed, responded that they are confident in the data they use.
  • Security and Compliance: They know that the data they’re using is secure and compliant with regulations such as those set by the Indonesian Central Bank and the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, or “OJK”).
  • Efficient: They know where exactly to locate the data they need quickly and easily, easily integrating and consolidating it into downstream applications and analytics tools.
  • Consistent: Employees across the organization are speaking the same language when it comes to data, and are able to make decisions based on the same set of facts, standardized and governed according to the organization’s data management policies.

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Key Components of Enterprise Data Management

With the primary objective of enterprise data management being trust and confidence in the data’s accuracy and consistency, it is no wonder that companies invest considerable resources into solutions centered around a paradigm called “Master Data Management” (MDM).

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Master Data Management (MDM)

Master Data Management can be thought of as a sub-discipline of enterprise data management that is centered around the creation and maintenance of a single, accurate, and consistent version of the truth for an organization’s most important data entities. These entities, known as “master data”, are typically shared across multiple systems and business processes.

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Single Version of the Truth

When we call MDM a “single version of the truth”, we typically mean it in the sense that there is no competing versions of the data. For example, in a bank, the customer’s name, address, and contact information should be consistent across all systems and applications that use this data — not always straightforward, considering the number of systems that interact with customer data in a bank (mobile banking, internet banking, ATM, branch tellers, etc).
A good way to know if your organization needs MDM is to ask yourself: “Do we have multiple versions of the same data entity across different systems, and do these versions often conflict with each other?”
It’s a short and simple litmus test, but holding more than one copy of the same data entity across different systems is a clear indicator that at some point, some competing versions of truth will emerge. Consider the common example of a scenario where a bank customer has recently taken out a home ownership loan through KPR (“Kredit Pemilikan Rumah”), typically managed by a special business unit (“BU”) within the Consumer Banking division. The marketing officer who manages the customer’s relationship begins to send marketing materials on home insurance or home renovation loans, unaware that the customer does in fact have an existing loan account held jointly with their spouse. As separate BUs within the bank, the lack of a single version of truth across these systems lead to the customer receiving multiple, sometimes conflicting, messages from the bank. In our example above, separate BUs within the bank are unable to agree if the customer should be considered a new lead for consumer loans, or if they should be considered an existing customer with an ongoing loan. With the existence of a MDM system, business units within the bank can instead of rely on record linkage to match the customer in one database (e.g. new leads for consumer loans) to the same customer in another database (e.g. existing loans under consumer banking). Commonly, this is done through a unique identifier, such as the NIK (nomor induk kependudukan) in Indonesia, printed on the KTP (Kartu Tanda Penduduk, or “identity card”).

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MDM in Banking

To begin constructing a MDM strategy, we typically start by identifying the key data entities that are shared across multiple systems and business processes. Think of this exercise as one that produces a “data inventory” of sorts, or a requirements document that identify the necessary fields and inputs to our MDM system. These fields might be fed from various sources, including external tools and systems. It is a first step in starting to catalog your data, and to understand the relationships between these entities. We will dive into the Entity Relationship Diagram in a future section, so this exercise should be seen as a precursor to that. To help you get started, I’ve created a simplified overview of the key data entities in a typical MDM system for a bank:
  1. Customer Data Management
    • Customer Profiles: Centralizing customer information such as personal details, contact information, and transaction history to create a single, accurate view of each customer.
    • Customer Segmentation: Grouping customers based on demographics, behavioral data, and preferences to tailor marketing and service offerings.
    • Customer Risk Assessment: Integrating customer data from various sources to assess risk levels and comply with regulatory requirements such as Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regulations3.
  2. Account Data Management
    • Account Records: Maintaining accurate and up-to-date records of all types of accounts (e.g., savings, checking, loans) across different banking systems.
    • Account Hierarchies: Managing relationships between different accounts, such as personal accounts linked to business accounts or joint accounts.
    • Account Status & Activity: Ensuring consistency in account status (e.g., active, dormant, closed) and tracking account activities across various platforms.
  3. Transaction Data Management
    • Transaction History: Aggregating transaction data from multiple channels (e.g., online banking, mobile apps, branch transactions) to ensure a complete and accurate history.
    • Fraud Detection: Using MDM to enhance fraud detection by consolidating transaction data and applying analytics to identify suspicious activities.
    • Data Reconciliation: Ensuring consistency between transaction records in different systems (e.g., core banking systems, payment processing systems).
  4. Product Data Management
    • Product Catalogs: Centralizing information about banking products (e.g., loans, credit cards, investment products) including features, terms, and conditions.
    • Pricing and Fees: Managing and standardizing pricing, fees, and interest rates across various banking products to ensure accuracy and compliance.
    • Product Lifecycle: Tracking and managing the life cycle of banking products from introduction to retirement, including updates and modifications.
  5. Compliance & Regulatory Data Management
    • Regulatory Reporting: Consolidating and managing data required for regulatory reporting, including Basel III compliance4,5, stress testing, and other regulatory frameworks.
    • Audit Trails: Maintaining detailed audit trails of data changes, access logs, and compliance activities to support regulatory audits and investigations.
    • Data Governance: Establishing policies, procedures, and controls to ensure data quality, integrity, and security in compliance with regulatory requirements.
  6. Risk and Fraud Management
    • Risk Profiles: Centralizing data on risk assessments, credit scores, and exposure limits to enhance risk management strategies.
    • Fraud Prevention: Integrating data from various sources to detect and prevent fraudulent activities and ensure data consistency across fraud detection systems.
    • Incident Management: Managing data related to fraud incidents, including details of the event, actions taken, and outcomes.
  7. Financial Data Management
    • General Ledger: Ensuring accuracy and consistency in general ledger data, including account balances, transactions, and financial statements.
    • Financial Reporting: Centralizing data for financial reporting purposes, such as income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements.
    • Cost Allocation: Managing data related to cost allocation and budgeting to ensure accurate financial planning and analysis.
  8. Operational Data Management
    • Branch and ATM Data: Centralizing data related to branch operations, ATM locations, and operational statuses to enhance service delivery and operational efficiency.
    • Staff and Employee Data: Managing information about bank employees, including roles, departments, and performance metrics.
    • Service Requests: Aggregating data on customer service requests, complaints, and resolutions to improve customer service and operational efficiency.
  9. Integration and Data Synchronization
    • System Integration: Implementing MDM to integrate data across various banking systems (e.g., core banking systems, CRM, ERP) for a unified view.
    • Data Quality Management: Ensuring data quality by implementing data validation, cleansing, and enrichment processes across all systems.
  10. Data Security and Privacy
    • Access Controls: Managing and monitoring access to master data to ensure that only authorized personnel can view or modify sensitive information.
    • Data Encryption: Implementing encryption techniques to protect sensitive data both at rest and in transit.
    • Data Masking: Using data masking techniques to obscure sensitive data for non-production environments or for specific use cases.

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Implementation Challenges in Practice

Implementing MDM across a large enterprise, especially one as complex as a banking institution, can be daunting. In the Enterprise Analytics model, Supertype describes this as a local optimization problem, where each business unit within the bank is incentivized to optimize their own operations, often affirming the need of a BU-specific definition. Consider the product hierarchy in a bank, where the consumer marketing division might classify each loan products in a way that maximizes their marketing efforts and return-on-investment frameworks. The risk management division, on the other hand, is unconcerned with marketing ROI, but rather with the risk exposure of each loan product. The two divisions might hence keep separate records of product hierarchies, tailored to their respective local optimization objectives at the expense of overall effectiveness in the bank’s MDM system.

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Data Governance

Data governance is the establishment of policies and principles for managing data assets. We can look to the principles laid out from the DAMA-DMBOK6 (Data Management Body of Knowledge) to guide us in the establishment of data governance policies. I have adapted the DAMA-DMBOK principles into a 6-step process for implementing data governance in banks and financial institutions:

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DAMA-DMBOK: Data Governance in Banks

1

1. Establish a Data Governance Framework

Purpose: Develop a structured approach to managing data assets, ensuring they are accurate, secure, and used effectively.
Components:
  • Data Governance Charter: Define the scope, objectives, and authority of the data governance program. This includes outlining roles, responsibilities, and decision-making processes.
  • Data Governance Council: Form a cross-functional team comprising stakeholders from different departments (e.g., IT, compliance, risk management, business units). This council oversees data governance activities, sets priorities, and resolves conflicts.
Implementation:
  • Define Objectives: Align data governance goals with the bank’s strategic objectives, regulatory requirements, and operational needs.
  • Set Governance Policies: Develop policies for data quality, data security, and data usage that comply with OJK and Bank Indonesia regulations.
2

2. Develop Data Governance Policies and Standards

Purpose: Ensure that data is managed consistently and complies with legal and regulatory requirements.
Components:
  • Data Quality Standards: Establish criteria for data accuracy, completeness, consistency, and timeliness. This includes creating data quality metrics and monitoring procedures.
  • Data Security Policies: Define measures to protect data from unauthorized access, breaches, and misuse. This includes data encryption, access controls, and data masking.
  • Data Privacy Policies: Ensure compliance with data protection laws and regulations by implementing privacy practices, including data anonymization and secure data handling.
Implementation:
  • Create Policy Documents: Draft and approve policies for data management, security, and privacy.
  • Communicate Policies: Disseminate policies to all relevant stakeholders and provide training to ensure understanding and adherence.
3

3. Implement Data Governance Processes

Purpose: Ensure that data governance policies are applied effectively across the organization.
Components:
  • Data Lifecycle Management: Define processes for managing data throughout its lifecycle, including data creation, usage, archiving, and deletion.
  • Data Classification: Classify data based on its sensitivity and importance (e.g., confidential, restricted, public) to apply appropriate security and management measures.
  • Data Change Management: Implement procedures for managing changes to data, including updates, deletions, and modifications, to maintain data integrity.
Implementation:
  • Develop Procedures: Create detailed procedures for data lifecycle management, classification, and change management.
  • Automate Processes: Utilize technology to automate data management tasks, ensuring consistency and efficiency.
4

4. Monitor and Enforce Data Governance

Purpose: Track adherence to data governance policies and address any issues or deviations.
Components:
  • Data Quality Monitoring: Regularly assess data quality through automated tools and manual reviews to identify and correct data issues.
  • Compliance Audits: Conduct periodic audits to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and internal policies.
  • Issue Resolution: Establish a process for reporting and resolving data-related issues, including a clear escalation path for critical problems.
Implementation:
  • Deploy Monitoring Tools: Use data governance and data management tools to monitor data quality and compliance in real-time.
  • Review and Adjust: Regularly review data governance practices and adjust policies and procedures as needed to address emerging issues or changes in regulatory requirements.
5

5. Promote Data Governance Culture

Purpose: Foster a culture that values and adheres to data governance principles.
Components:
  • Training and Awareness: Provide ongoing training for employees on data governance principles, policies, and best practices.
  • Communication: Promote the importance of data governance through internal communications, including newsletters, workshops, and leadership messages.
  • Incentives and Recognition: Recognize and reward employees who contribute to effective data governance and demonstrate a commitment to data stewardship.
Implementation:
  • Develop Training Programs: Create and deliver training sessions on data governance and data management practices.
  • Engage Leadership: Ensure that senior management actively supports and promotes data governance initiatives.
6

6. Leverage Technology for Data Governance

Purpose: Utilize technology solutions to support and enhance data governance efforts.
Components:
  • Data Governance Tools: Implement tools for data cataloging, data lineage, and data quality management to support data governance activities.
  • Integration Solutions: Use integration platforms to ensure seamless data flow between systems and maintain data consistency.
  • Analytics Platforms: Employ analytics tools to gain insights into data usage, quality, and governance effectiveness.
Implementation:
  • Select and Deploy Tools: Choose and implement technology solutions that align with the bank’s data governance needs and regulatory requirements.
  • Integrate Systems: Ensure that data governance tools are integrated with existing systems for comprehensive data management.
As we’ve seen above, implementing data governance using the DAMA-DMBOK principles involves establishing a robust framework, developing comprehensive policies, and at the right maturity level, introducing technology solutions to support data governance activities. It is a long term commitment, and one that requires the buy-in of senior management responsible for setting the tone for data governance practices across the organization. I’ve also summarized the 6-step process into a table format for easy reference:
Action AreaAction ItemDetailsResponsible PartyTimelineStatus
Data Governance FrameworkDevelop Data Governance CharterDefine the scope, objectives, and authority of the data governance program, including roles and responsibilities.Data Governance CouncilQ1 2025Not Started
Establish Data Governance CouncilForm a cross-functional team to oversee data governance activities and resolve conflicts.Senior ManagementQ1 2025Not Started
Appoint Data StewardsDesignate individuals to manage data quality and enforce policies within specific data domains.Data Governance CouncilQ2 2025Not Started
Policies and StandardsCreate Data Quality StandardsDefine metrics and procedures for data accuracy, completeness, and consistency.Data StewardsQ2 2025Not Started
Develop Data Security PoliciesEstablish protocols for data protection, including encryption, access controls, and data masking.IT Security TeamQ2 2025Not Started
Implement Data Privacy PoliciesEnsure compliance with data protection laws by defining privacy practices and data handling procedures.Compliance TeamQ2 2025Not Started
Governance ProcessesDefine Data Lifecycle Management ProceduresDevelop processes for data creation, usage, archiving, and deletion.Data StewardsQ3 2025Not Started
Implement Data Classification SchemeClassify data based on sensitivity and importance to apply appropriate management measures.Data Governance CouncilQ3 2025Not Started
Establish Data Change Management ProceduresCreate procedures for managing data updates, deletions, and modifications.Data StewardsQ3 2025Not Started
Monitoring and EnforcementDeploy Data Quality Monitoring ToolsUse tools to assess data quality and identify issues.IT DepartmentQ4 2025Not Started
Conduct Compliance AuditsPerform regular audits to ensure adherence to regulations and internal policies.Internal Audit TeamQ4 2025Not Started
Develop Issue Resolution ProcessCreate a process for reporting and addressing data-related issues.Data Governance CouncilQ4 2025Not Started
Culture and TrainingDevelop and Deliver Training ProgramsProvide training on data governance principles and policies to all relevant employees.HR DepartmentQ1 2025Not Started
Promote Data Governance AwarenessUse internal communications to emphasize the importance of data governance.Communications TeamQ1 2026Not Started
Implement Incentives and Recognition ProgramRecognize and reward employees who contribute to effective data governance.HR DepartmentQ2 2026Not Started
Technology IntegrationSelect and Implement Data Governance ToolsChoose tools for data cataloging, lineage, and quality management.IT DepartmentQ1 2026Not Started
Integrate Data Governance Tools with Existing SystemsEnsure that data governance tools are integrated with the bank’s current systems.IT DepartmentQ2 2026Not Started
Utilize Analytics Platforms for InsightsEmploy analytics tools to monitor data usage, quality, and governance effectiveness.Analytics TeamQ2 2026Not Started

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Control Documents for Financial Institutions

Erecting a data governance framework in a bank or financial institution is a complex process. I’ve compiled a list of control documents that might be helpful in seeing this process through.
DocumentPurposePlanAcquireProcess/MaintainPublish/ShareRetain
Data Governance FrameworkDefine the structure and policies for managing and overseeing data across the bank. This includes data ownership, stewardship, and accountability to ensure data quality, integrity, and compliance with OJK and Bank Indonesia regulations.●●●●●
Enterprise Data Management PlanOutline the methods and strategies for managing data across the bank’s operations. This plan includes data integration, data quality management, and data lifecycle management to ensure that data is accurate, consistent, and accessible while adhering to regulatory requirements.●●●●●
Data Quality Management PlanEstablish procedures and standards for maintaining high data quality within the bank. This includes defining data quality metrics, implementing data validation processes, and conducting regular data quality assessments to ensure that data used in analytics and reporting meets regulatory and operational standards.●●●●●
Enterprise Analytics StrategyDefine the approach and methodologies for leveraging data analytics to drive business insights and decision-making. This includes establishing analytical frameworks, tools, and processes for reporting, predictive modeling, and performance measurement in alignment with regulatory requirements.●●●●●
Regulatory Compliance Analytics PlanDetail the processes for using data analytics to monitor and ensure compliance with OJK and Bank Indonesia regulations. This includes developing analytical models for regulatory reporting, risk assessment, and compliance tracking to meet the regulatory obligations effectively.●●●●●
Data Privacy and Security PolicyDefine the protocols and measures to protect sensitive financial data from unauthorized access and breaches. This policy includes data encryption, access controls, and privacy practices to ensure compliance with data protection regulations and safeguard customer information.●●●●●

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Summary

In this chapter, we’ve explored the key components of enterprise data management, with a focus on Master Data Management (MDM) and Data Governance in the context of banking and financial institutions. We’ve discussed the importance of establishing a single source of truth for critical data entities, and the challenges and benefits of implementing MDM and data governance practices in a complex enterprise environment. Finally, I’ve included a 6-step process for implementing data governance tailored to the requirements of banks and financial institutions. These requirements are not always unique, but are often more stringent due to the regulatory environment in which they operate. If you are working in a sector with less stringent regulatory requirements, you might find that the 6-step process can be adapted to suit your organization’s data management needs. To close off, I’ve also included a list of control documents that can serve as a guide as your organization embarks on the journey of establishing a robust data governance framework. By following these guidelines and best practices, companies can enhance data quality, security, and compliance while leveraging data analytics to drive business growth and innovation.

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References

  1. Strategi BCA Tekankan Prinsip Customer First lewat HaloBCA, Marketeers
  2. VIRA, BCA’s Virtual Assistant
  3. Know Your Customer and Anti Money Laundering
  4. Implementing Basel di Indonesia
  5. Implementing Basel
  6. DAMA International. 2017a. DAMA-DMBOK: Data Management Book of Knowledge, 2nd ed.

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Author

This chapter is written by Samuel Chan, an analytics consultant at Supertype with over 11 years of experience of enterprise AI consulting across Singapore, China (DianDian, 600634:SH), Japan (TWP Dai Nippon, TYO:7912; gumi Inc, TWO:3903; SEGA, TYO:6460) and Indonesia (Emtek, Adaro Group of Companies, Central Bank of Indonesia, Bursa Efek Indonesia, BCA). He has long-term consulting experience with leading financial institutions in the region, and is the co-founder of Algoritma Data Science Education Center, Supertype, Sectors, and formerly HyperGrowth, a marketing automation and chatbot platform startup that he sold in 2016. Samuel is an avid open source contributor and guest lecturer at several universities across Indonesia and Singapore. He is currently ranked #1 in Indonesia (and top 2% worldwide) on Stack Overflow for R and Python topics (with 111 badges and contributions exceeding 2 million reach).

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Contributors

  • Ahmad Nawaz, customer success architect (UK & IMEA) at Hewlett Packard Enterprise
  • Gerald Bryan, senior analytics consultant at Supertype